Biology › Flashcards
A-level biology flashcards
562 cards drawn from the lessons themselves: the terms a mark scheme wants in the wording it wants them, each lesson’s own self-check, and the misconception each lesson exists to argue with. Grade yourself and the deck schedules every card for just before you would otherwise forget it.
How the three kinds differ
Define cards are the narrow ones: a term on the front, the wording that scores on the back. Check cards are whole questions with multi-point answers, one per lesson, and are the slow ones: write the answer out rather than thinking it. Spot the error puts a claim on the front that sounds right and is not, which is the shape most biology marks are actually lost in.
What is in the collection
Every card, by unit, each linking to the lesson that teaches it. Open a unit to see what it covers.
Scientific method and quantitative biologyUnit B0029 cards
- Independent variableDEFINE
- Dependent variableDEFINE
- Control variableDEFINE
- Control experimentDEFINE
- Confounding variableDEFINE
- RandomisationDEFINE
- CorrelationDEFINE
- CausationDEFINE
- ValidDEFINE
- AccurateDEFINE
- PreciseDEFINE
- RepeatableDEFINE
- ReproducibleDEFINE
- ResolutionDEFINE
- A control is the tube you leave the interesting thing out of, and every experiment has oneSPOT THE ERROR
- Variables and controls: what an experiment can show: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Significant figuresDEFINE
- Leading zerosDEFINE
- Trailing zeros after a decimal pointDEFINE
- You give your answer to the same number of decimal places as the numbers in the questionSPOT THE ERROR
- Handling data: units, scales, rates and uncertainty: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- MeanDEFINE
- MedianDEFINE
- ModeDEFINE
- Null hypothesisDEFINE
- Significance levelDEFINE
- Degrees of freedomDEFINE
- If the error bars on two means do not overlap, the difference between them is significantSPOT THE ERROR
- Statistics for biologists: spread, error bars and the three tests: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Cells, microscopy and biological organisationUnit B0140 cards
- OrganelleDEFINE
- UltrastructureDEFINE
- CytoplasmDEFINE
- Nuclear envelopeDEFINE
- NucleolusDEFINE
- Rough endoplasmic reticulumDEFINE
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulumDEFINE
- RibosomeDEFINE
- LysosomeDEFINE
- CristaDEFINE
- A cell is a bag of jelly with organelles floating loose in it, each one a separate gadget doing its own jobSPOT THE ERROR
- Cell structure: what each organelle is shaped for: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- MagnificationDEFINE
- ResolutionDEFINE
- Empty magnificationDEFINE
- ArtefactDEFINE
- Eyepiece graticuleDEFINE
- Stage micrometerDEFINE
- A microscope that magnifies more shows you moreSPOT THE ERROR
- Microscopy: magnification, resolution and what you can trust: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Prokaryotic cellDEFINE
- PlasmidDEFINE
- CapsuleDEFINE
- NucleoidDEFINE
- VirusDEFINE
- CapsidDEFINE
- Attachment proteinDEFINE
- Reverse transcriptaseDEFINE
- Bacteria are simple cells and viruses are just very small bacteriaSPOT THE ERROR
- Prokaryotic cells and viruses: less machinery, same problems: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- DifferentiationDEFINE
- Specialised cellDEFINE
- TotipotentDEFINE
- PluripotentDEFINE
- MultipotentDEFINE
- TissueDEFINE
- OrganDEFINE
- Organ systemDEFINE
- A neurone kept the nerve genes and lost the rest, and that is how it differs from a red blood cellSPOT THE ERROR
- Specialisation: how one genome becomes two hundred kinds of cell: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Biological molecules, water and inorganic ionsUnit B0233 cards
- MonosaccharideDEFINE
- MonomerDEFINE
- PolymerDEFINE
- CondensationDEFINE
- HydrolysisDEFINE
- Glycosidic bondDEFINE
- DisaccharideDEFINE
- PolysaccharideDEFINE
- Starch and cellulose are made of different sugars, which is why one is food and the other is notSPOT THE ERROR
- Carbohydrates: from one sugar to a store of thousands: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- LipidDEFINE
- TriglycerideDEFINE
- Ester bondDEFINE
- HydrophilicDEFINE
- HydrophobicDEFINE
- Unsaturated means the fatty acid is shorter, with fewer carbon atoms in itSPOT THE ERROR
- Lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids and the ester bond: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Polar moleculeDEFINE
- Hydrogen bondDEFINE
- Specific heat capacityDEFINE
- Latent heat of vaporisationDEFINE
- Water is a good solvent because it is a liquid, so things can move about in itSPOT THE ERROR
- Water and inorganic ions: the properties life depends on: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Amino acidDEFINE
- PolypeptideDEFINE
- ProteinDEFINE
- Primary structureDEFINE
- Secondary structureDEFINE
- Tertiary structureDEFINE
- Quaternary structureDEFINE
- DenaturationDEFINE
- Proteins are made of amino acids, so a protein's job comes from which amino acids it containsSPOT THE ERROR
- Proteins: from one amino acid to a working shape: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Enzymes and metabolic controlUnit B0320 cards
- CatalystDEFINE
- Activation energyDEFINE
- EnzymeDEFINE
- Active siteDEFINE
- SubstrateDEFINE
- Enzyme-substrate complexDEFINE
- SpecificityDEFINE
- Enzymes speed up reactions by giving them energy, a push to get them goingSPOT THE ERROR
- Enzymes: what a catalyst can and cannot do: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Initial rateDEFINE
- Limiting factorDEFINE
- OptimumDEFINE
- A denatured enzyme is one that has been switched off, so cooling it down should switch it back onSPOT THE ERROR
- Factors affecting enzyme rate: temperature, pH and concentration: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Competitive inhibitorDEFINE
- Non-competitive inhibitorDEFINE
- Allosteric siteDEFINE
- End-product inhibitionDEFINE
- An inhibitor must be a poison, and a cell would never make one on purposeSPOT THE ERROR
- Inhibition: how cells, poisons and medicines all turn enzymes down: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Membranes and transport across cellsUnit B0431 cards
- PhospholipidDEFINE
- HydrophilicDEFINE
- HydrophobicDEFINE
- BilayerDEFINE
- Intrinsic proteinDEFINE
- Extrinsic proteinDEFINE
- GlycoproteinDEFINE
- GlycolipidDEFINE
- PermeabilityDEFINE
- DenaturationDEFINE
- Something must be holding the bilayer together: bonds between the phospholipids, or a frame of protein underneathSPOT THE ERROR
- The fluid mosaic model: what a membrane is made of: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- DiffusionDEFINE
- Simple diffusionDEFINE
- PassiveDEFINE
- Water potential (ψ)DEFINE
- OsmosisDEFINE
- TurgidDEFINE
- Incipient plasmolysisDEFINE
- PlasmolysisDEFINE
- HaemolysisDEFINE
- CrenationDEFINE
- Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentrationSPOT THE ERROR
- Diffusion and osmosis: movement that costs nothing: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Active transportDEFINE
- Carrier proteinDEFINE
- Co-transportDEFINE
- EndocytosisDEFINE
- ExocytosisDEFINE
- A carrier protein is involved, so this must need energySPOT THE ERROR
- Active transport, co-transport and moving things in bulk: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Nucleic acids, genomes and protein synthesisUnit B0535 cards
- NucleotideDEFINE
- PolynucleotideDEFINE
- Phosphodiester bondDEFINE
- AntiparallelDEFINE
- Complementary base pairingDEFINE
- Double helixDEFINE
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)DEFINE
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)DEFINE
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)DEFINE
- The two strands of a DNA molecule are identical, so either one is a spare copy of the otherSPOT THE ERROR
- DNA and RNA: four letters and a rule about pairing: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Semi-conservative replicationDEFINE
- Template strandDEFINE
- MutationDEFINE
- SubstitutionDEFINE
- DeletionDEFINE
- Replication copies one strand, so you end up with the old molecule and a brand new one beside itSPOT THE ERROR
- DNA replication: one old strand in every new molecule: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- CodonDEFINE
- DegenerateDEFINE
- Non-overlappingDEFINE
- GeneDEFINE
- ExonDEFINE
- IntronDEFINE
- GenomeDEFINE
- Pre-mRNADEFINE
- SplicingDEFINE
- The genetic code is degenerate, so it is a wasteful system evolution has not got round to tidying upSPOT THE ERROR
- The genetic code and transcription: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- RibosomeDEFINE
- CodonDEFINE
- AnticodonDEFINE
- Post-translational modificationDEFINE
- tRNA carries the codon to the ribosome, where it is matched against the mRNASPOT THE ERROR
- Translation: turning a message into a working protein: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Cell cycles, reproduction and developmentUnit B0618 cards
- ChromatidDEFINE
- Homologous pairDEFINE
- SpindleDEFINE
- Mitotic indexDEFINE
- Cells spend most of their lives dividing, and interphase is the resting phase between divisionsSPOT THE ERROR
- The cell cycle: growth, copying, and one division that changes nothing: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Stem cellDEFINE
- Self-renewalDEFINE
- DifferentiationDEFINE
- PotencyDEFINE
- A stem cell can become any kind of cell, which is what makes it a stem cellSPOT THE ERROR
- Stem cells: what a cell can still become, and what fixes it: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- AcrosomeDEFINE
- Zona pellucidaDEFINE
- Cortical granulesDEFINE
- PolyspermyDEFINE
- Fertilisation is a race, and the fastest sperm is the one that gets inSPOT THE ERROR
- Gametes and fertilisation: from two cells to a blastocyst: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Exchange surfaces and gas exchangeUnit B0724 cards
- DiffusionDEFINE
- Exchange surfaceDEFINE
- Diffusion distanceDEFINE
- Concentration gradientDEFINE
- A large animal needs lungs because it has more cells to supply than a small oneSPOT THE ERROR
- Surface area to volume ratio: why size limits diffusion: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- CartilageDEFINE
- Ciliated epitheliumDEFINE
- Goblet cellDEFINE
- Smooth muscleDEFINE
- Elastic fibresDEFINE
- Squamous epitheliumDEFINE
- Tidal volumeDEFINE
- Ventilation rateDEFINE
- Vital capacityDEFINE
- Residual volumeDEFINE
- Breathing in works by the lungs expanding and pulling air into themselvesSPOT THE ERROR
- Lungs: seventy square metres, folded into a chest: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Gill filamentDEFINE
- LamellaDEFINE
- Counter-current flowDEFINE
- OperculumDEFINE
- A fish's gills work well because water flows over a huge surface area, so plenty of oxygen has the chance to diffuse acrossSPOT THE ERROR
- Three other answers: tracheae, gills and stomata: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Plant transport and mineral nutritionUnit B0817 cards
- Root hair cellDEFINE
- Apoplast pathwayDEFINE
- Symplast pathwayDEFINE
- Casparian stripDEFINE
- Water is pushed up the stem by root pressureSPOT THE ERROR
- Xylem and the transpiration stream: the pull comes from the top: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- TranspirationDEFINE
- Transpiration streamDEFINE
- StomaDEFINE
- Transpiration is how a plant transports water and minerals to its leaves, so the pull is the point of itSPOT THE ERROR
- Transpiration: the price of keeping the stomata open: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Sieve tube elementDEFINE
- Sieve plateDEFINE
- Companion cellDEFINE
- TranslocationDEFINE
- Sugars are actively transported along the phloem from the leaves to the rootsSPOT THE ERROR
- Phloem and translocation: pumped at the ends, flowing in the middle: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Animal transport and cardiovascular biologyUnit B0932 cards
- Mass transport systemDEFINE
- Surface area to volume ratioDEFINE
- Metabolic rateDEFINE
- Atrioventricular valvesDEFINE
- Semilunar valvesDEFINE
- Tendinous cordsDEFINE
- Coronary arteriesDEFINE
- MyogenicDEFINE
- Sinoatrial nodeDEFINE
- Atrioventricular nodeDEFINE
- Purkyne fibresDEFINE
- Valves open and close because muscle pulls them open and shutSPOT THE ERROR
- The heart and the cardiac cycle: pressure decides everything: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Hydrostatic pressureDEFINE
- Oncotic pressureDEFINE
- Tissue fluidDEFINE
- LymphDEFINE
- Lymph nodeDEFINE
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated bloodSPOT THE ERROR
- Blood vessels and tissue fluid: what leaks out and what comes back: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Conjugated proteinDEFINE
- Prosthetic groupDEFINE
- Partial pressure of oxygenDEFINE
- Percentage saturationDEFINE
- Bohr shiftDEFINE
- LoadingDEFINE
- UnloadingDEFINE
- Carbonic anhydraseDEFINE
- Chloride shiftDEFINE
- Haemoglobinic acidDEFINE
- The Bohr shift means that in an exercising person, haemoglobin picks up less oxygen at the lungsSPOT THE ERROR
- Haemoglobin: an S-shaped curve and everything it explains: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Nutrition, digestion and health evidenceUnit B1021 cards
- DigestionDEFINE
- Physical digestionDEFINE
- AbsorptionDEFINE
- EndopeptidaseDEFINE
- ExopeptidaseDEFINE
- DipeptidaseDEFINE
- Co-transportDEFINE
- Indirect active transportDEFINE
- Bile is the enzyme that digests fatSPOT THE ERROR
- Digestion and absorption: one tube, four chemistries: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Cohort studyDEFINE
- Case-control studyDEFINE
- Randomised controlled trialDEFINE
- Relative riskDEFINE
- This study followed half a million people, so the result is reliable, because a sample that large settles the questionSPOT THE ERROR
- Diet, energy and how to read a health claim: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- AtheromaDEFINE
- ThrombosisDEFINE
- AneurysmDEFINE
- HDL and LDL are two kinds of cholesterol, one good and one badSPOT THE ERROR
- Cholesterol, atheroma and what a risk factor means: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Pathogens, disease and immunityUnit B1128 cards
- PathogenDEFINE
- AntigenDEFINE
- Non-specific defenceDEFINE
- PhagocytosisDEFINE
- PhagosomeDEFINE
- LysosomeDEFINE
- Antigen-presenting cellDEFINE
- White blood cells fight infection by recognising the germ and producing the right antibody for itSPOT THE ERROR
- Pathogens and non-specific defences: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- AntigenDEFINE
- SelfDEFINE
- Non-selfDEFINE
- LymphocyteDEFINE
- Clonal selectionDEFINE
- Clonal expansionDEFINE
- Plasma cellDEFINE
- Memory cellDEFINE
- Memory cells are the ones that make antibody quickly the second time you meet a pathogenSPOT THE ERROR
- The specific response: selected, cloned, remembered: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- AntibodyDEFINE
- Variable regionDEFINE
- Constant regionDEFINE
- Antigen-antibody complexDEFINE
- VaccineDEFINE
- Herd immunityDEFINE
- Antigenic variationDEFINE
- Antibodies kill pathogensSPOT THE ERROR
- Antibodies, vaccination and the four kinds of immunity: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Respiration and cellular energyUnit B1227 cards
- ATPDEFINE
- Hydrolysis of ATPDEFINE
- PhosphorylationDEFINE
- GlycolysisDEFINE
- Substrate-level phosphorylationDEFINE
- CoenzymeDEFINE
- OxidationDEFINE
- Link reactionDEFINE
- DecarboxylationDEFINE
- DehydrogenationDEFINE
- Acetyl coenzyme ADEFINE
- ATP is the cell's energy store, so cells build up a supply and draw on it when they need itSPOT THE ERROR
- Spending ATP to make ATP: glycolysis and the link reaction: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Krebs cycleDEFINE
- DehydrogenaseDEFINE
- DecarboxylaseDEFINE
- FADDEFINE
- Electron transport chainDEFINE
- ChemiosmosisDEFINE
- Oxidative phosphorylationDEFINE
- Final electron acceptorDEFINE
- Oxygen burns the glucose in respiration, in the same way it burns petrol in an engineSPOT THE ERROR
- The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Anaerobic respirationDEFINE
- FermentationDEFINE
- Anaerobic respiration is what happens when your muscles run out of energySPOT THE ERROR
- Anaerobic respiration and the respiratory quotient: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Photosynthesis and primary productivityUnit B1322 cards
- ThylakoidDEFINE
- GranumDEFINE
- StromaDEFINE
- PhotosystemDEFINE
- PhotoionisationDEFINE
- PhotolysisDEFINE
- ChemiosmosisDEFINE
- PhotophosphorylationDEFINE
- Chlorophyll absorbs green light, and that is why leaves are greenSPOT THE ERROR
- Chloroplasts: catching light and turning it into ATP: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- RuBPDEFINE
- RubiscoDEFINE
- GPDEFINE
- TPDEFINE
- The light-independent stage does not need light, which is why it is called the dark stage and why it carries on all nightSPOT THE ERROR
- The Calvin cycle: three steps, and the arithmetic behind them: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Limiting factorDEFINE
- PlateauDEFINE
- Compensation pointDEFINE
- Compensation periodDEFINE
- Plants photosynthesise during the day and respire at nightSPOT THE ERROR
- Limiting factors and primary productivity: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Nervous coordination, receptors, muscles and behaviourUnit B1428 cards
- StimulusDEFINE
- ReceptorDEFINE
- EffectorDEFINE
- ReflexDEFINE
- Reflex arcDEFINE
- TransducerDEFINE
- Generator potentialDEFINE
- ThresholdDEFINE
- Your fingertip detects heat and sends the heat up your arm; your eye detects colour and sends colour along the optic nerveSPOT THE ERROR
- Receptors: turning a stimulus into something a neurone can carry: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Resting potentialDEFINE
- PolarisedDEFINE
- Voltage-gated channelDEFINE
- The impulse travels along the neurone like electricity down a wireSPOT THE ERROR
- The action potential: the same size, however hard you push: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- SynapseDEFINE
- NeurotransmitterDEFINE
- Cholinergic synapseDEFINE
- Excitatory postsynaptic potentialDEFINE
- The impulse crosses the synapseSPOT THE ERROR
- The synapse: transmission, and why it runs one way: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- SarcomereDEFINE
- A bandDEFINE
- I bandDEFINE
- H zoneDEFINE
- Sarcoplasmic reticulumDEFINE
- Muscles shorten because the filaments in them shortenSPOT THE ERROR
- Sliding filaments: shortening a muscle without shortening anything: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Hormonal communication, plant responses and homeostasisUnit B1526 cards
- Exocrine glandDEFINE
- Endocrine glandDEFINE
- HormoneDEFINE
- Target cellDEFINE
- HypothalamusDEFINE
- Posterior pituitaryDEFINE
- Anterior pituitaryDEFINE
- HomeostasisDEFINE
- Negative feedbackDEFINE
- Positive feedbackDEFINE
- AntagonisticDEFINE
- Adrenaline gets into the liver cell and switches on the enzyme that breaks glycogen downSPOT THE ERROR
- Hormones: a message broadcast in the blood that only some cells can read: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- GlycogenesisDEFINE
- GlycogenolysisDEFINE
- GluconeogenesisDEFINE
- Insulin converts glucose into glycogenSPOT THE ERROR
- Blood glucose: two hormones, one liver, and two different diabetes: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- NephronDEFINE
- UltrafiltrationDEFINE
- Selective reabsorptionDEFINE
- OsmoregulationDEFINE
- The loop of Henle reabsorbs waterSPOT THE ERROR
- The kidney: filter everything, then take almost all of it back: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Light destroys the auxin on the lit side of a shoot, so there is less of it there and that side grows lessSPOT THE ERROR
- Plant responses: tropisms, auxins and the classic experiments: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Inheritance and population geneticsUnit B1626 cards
- Homologous pairDEFINE
- DiploidDEFINE
- HaploidDEFINE
- BivalentDEFINE
- Reduction divisionDEFINE
- Crossing overDEFINE
- ChiasmaDEFINE
- RecombinantDEFINE
- Meiosis is mitosis done twice, so learning it means learning the same four stages again with roman numerals attachedSPOT THE ERROR
- Meiosis: two divisions, and why no two gametes come out the same: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- GenotypeDEFINE
- PhenotypeDEFINE
- HomozygousDEFINE
- HeterozygousDEFINE
- DominantDEFINE
- RecessiveDEFINE
- CarrierDEFINE
- A 3 : 1 ratio means three out of every four offspring show the dominant characteristicSPOT THE ERROR
- Monohybrid inheritance: genetic diagrams that score: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- A significant chi-squared result is the one that supports your genetic hypothesisSPOT THE ERROR
- Two genes at once: 9 : 3 : 3 : 1, the ways it breaks, and the chi-squared test: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- PopulationDEFINE
- Gene poolDEFINE
- Allele frequencyDEFINE
- A dominant allele spreads through a population, because dominant alleles get passed on moreSPOT THE ERROR
- Hardy-Weinberg: what alleles do in a population when nothing acts on them: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Gene regulation, genomics and biotechnologyUnit B1734 cards
- Gene expressionDEFINE
- Transcription factorDEFINE
- PromoterDEFINE
- Oestrogen response elementDEFINE
- Steroid hormoneDEFINE
- EpigeneticsDEFINE
- EpigenomeDEFINE
- Histone acetylationDEFINE
- DNA methylationDEFINE
- siRNADEFINE
- RNA interferenceDEFINE
- A liver cell keeps the genes it needs and throws the rest awaySPOT THE ERROR
- Control of gene expression: which genes a cell reads: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- MutationDEFINE
- Silent mutationDEFINE
- Frame shiftDEFINE
- Control sequenceDEFINE
- Proto-oncogeneDEFINE
- OncogeneDEFINE
- Tumour suppressor geneDEFINE
- MetastasisDEFINE
- A base substitution that does not change the amino acid is a mutation that never really happenedSPOT THE ERROR
- Mutation and cancer: what goes wrong, and where it goes wrong: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Reverse transcriptaseDEFINE
- Complementary DNA (cDNA)DEFINE
- Recombinant DNADEFINE
- Transgenic organismDEFINE
- Cut the gene out, drop it into a plasmid, mix that with bacteria, and you have bacteria making your proteinSPOT THE ERROR
- Recombinant DNA technology: isolating, inserting and expressing a gene: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- DNA probeDEFINE
- HybridisationDEFINE
- DNA microarrayDEFINE
- Gene therapy changes your DNA, so any children you have will inherit the changeSPOT THE ERROR
- Genomes, screening and gene therapy: what a sequence is good for: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Classification, biodiversity and conservationUnit B1822 cards
- TaxonomyDEFINE
- TaxonDEFINE
- BinomialDEFINE
- PhylogenyDEFINE
- Phenetic classificationDEFINE
- Phylogenetic classificationDEFINE
- Homologous structuresDEFINE
- Analogous structuresDEFINE
- Humans evolved from chimpanzeesSPOT THE ERROR
- Classification and phylogeny: sorting by ancestry, not by looks: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- Species richnessDEFINE
- Species evennessDEFINE
- Species diversityDEFINE
- Genetic diversityDEFINE
- The habitat with the most individuals in it is the most diverseSPOT THE ERROR
- Measuring biodiversity: richness, evenness and the index that catches both: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- In situ conservationDEFINE
- Ex situ conservationDEFINE
- Endangered speciesDEFINE
- Extinct in the wildDEFINE
- If a species is in trouble, breed it in a zoo and put it backSPOT THE ERROR
- Conservation: keeping a species where it lives, or somewhere else: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Evolution and speciationUnit B1925 cards
- MutationDEFINE
- Genetic variationDEFINE
- Environmental variationDEFINE
- Gene poolDEFINE
- Selection pressureDEFINE
- FitnessDEFINE
- AdaptationDEFINE
- Natural selectionDEFINE
- Evolution is survival of the fittest, and the fittest are the strongest, fastest and biggestSPOT THE ERROR
- Natural selection: variation, selection and allele frequency: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- AntibioticDEFINE
- Antibiotic resistanceDEFINE
- Vertical gene transferDEFINE
- Horizontal gene transferDEFINE
- Genetic driftDEFINE
- Genetic bottleneckDEFINE
- Founder effectDEFINE
- Bacteria become resistant because the antibiotic makes them mutateSPOT THE ERROR
- Resistance, drift and the evidence: selection where you can watch it happen: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- SpeciesDEFINE
- Gene flowDEFINE
- Reproductive isolationDEFINE
- SpeciationDEFINE
- Two organisms belong to different species if they look different enoughSPOT THE ERROR
- Speciation: how one gene pool becomes two, and why the line is genuinely fuzzy: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
Ecology, populations and environmental changeUnit B2024 cards
- PopulationDEFINE
- CommunityDEFINE
- HabitatDEFINE
- EcosystemDEFINE
- Abiotic factorDEFINE
- Biotic factorDEFINE
- Carrying capacityDEFINE
- Exponential growthDEFINE
- NicheDEFINE
- Competitive exclusion principleDEFINE
- Predators control the numbers of their prey: that is what keeps a prey population in checkSPOT THE ERROR
- Populations and their limits: what stops the numbers rising: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- SaprobiontDEFINE
- MycorrhizaDEFINE
- Eutrophication kills fish because the algae are toxicSPOT THE ERROR
- Nutrient cycles: nitrogen, phosphorus and eutrophication: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
- SuccessionDEFINE
- Pioneer speciesDEFINE
- Seral stageDEFINE
- Climax communityDEFINE
- PlagioclimaxDEFINE
- Deflected successionDEFINE
- Woodland is the natural state of Britain, so the best thing conservation can do for a piece of land is leave it aloneSPOT THE ERROR
- Succession: how bare rock becomes woodland, and why we stop it: the whole-lesson checkCHECK
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