Chemistry › Exam boards › Edexcel

Edexcel AS and A-level Chemistry specification (8CH0/9CH0)

Pearson Edexcel Chemistry is 8CH0 for the AS and 9CH0 for the A-level. The A-level is three papers. Paper 1, Advanced Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, and Paper 2, Advanced Organic and Physical Chemistry, are 1 hour 45 minutes and 90 marks each, and Paper 3, General and Practical Principles in Chemistry, is 2 hours 30 minutes and 120 marks, can ask about any topic, and draws on the sixteen core practicals. The AS examines topics 1 to 10.

Below is every numbered statement of the specification in Pearson’s order, with the lessons that teach it and any missing detail named in its row. The Science Practical Endorsement is assessed by your teacher in the lab, so it is not mapped; the core practicals have their own list by number.

Checked against Pearson Edexcel Chemistry 8CH0/9CH0, Issue 3 (February 2024) on 31 October 2026. The table links each specification heading to the InkChemistry lessons that teach it and names any partial or missing coverage. Use the awarding body’s current specification as the definitive source.

1 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
1.1	atom: electrons, protons, neutrons	Protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes	Covered
1.2	relative mass and charge of particles	Protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes	Covered
1.3	atomic number and mass number	Protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes	Covered
1.4	counting particles in atoms and ions	Protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes	Covered
1.5	isotopes	Protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes	Covered
1.6	relative isotopic and atomic mass on the 12C scale	Protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes, The mole, the Avogadro constant and molar mass	Covered
1.7	Mr and relative formula mass	The mole, the Avogadro constant and molar mass	Covered
1.8	Ar from mass spectra and back	Time-of-flight mass spectrometry and relative atomic mass	Covered
1.9	mass spectrum of diatomic chlorine	Time-of-flight mass spectrometry and relative atomic mass	Covered
1.10	Mr from the molecular ion	Time-of-flight mass spectrometry and relative atomic mass, Test-tube reactions for functional groups, and high-resolution mass spectrometry	Covered
1.11	first and successive ionisation energies	Ionisation energies and the evidence for subshells	Covered
1.12	what influences ionisation energy	Ionisation energies and the evidence for subshells	Covered
1.13	first ionisation energy across a period	Ionisation energies and the evidence for subshells, Periodicity: trends across Period 3 and the blocks of the table	Covered
1.14	first ionisation energy down a group	Ionisation energies and the evidence for subshells	Covered
1.15	evidence for shells and sub-shells	Protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes, Ionisation energies and the evidence for subshells	Covered
1.16	electrons in the first four shells	Electron configuration: shells, subshells and orbitals	Covered
1.17	orbital holds two electrons of opposite spin	Electron configuration: shells, subshells and orbitals	Covered
1.18	shapes of s and p orbitals	Electron configuration: shells, subshells and orbitals	Covered
1.19	electrons in s, p and d sub-shells	Electron configuration: shells, subshells and orbitals	Covered
1.20	singly before pairing; opposite spins	Electron configuration: shells, subshells and orbitals	Covered
1.21	configurations in 1s notation and boxes	Electron configuration: shells, subshells and orbitals	Covered
1.22	s, p and d blocks	Electron configuration: shells, subshells and orbitals, Periodicity: trends across Period 3 and the blocks of the table	Covered
1.23	configuration decides chemistry	Electron configuration: shells, subshells and orbitals	Covered
1.24	periodicity as a repeating pattern	Periodicity: trends across Period 3 and the blocks of the table	Covered
1.25	trends across Periods 2 and 3	Periodicity: trends across Period 3 and the blocks of the table, Ionisation energies and the evidence for subshells	Covered
1.26	illustrating periodicity with data	Periodicity: trends across Period 3 and the blocks of the table	Covered

2 Bonding and Structure

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
2.1	ionic bonding as electrostatic attraction	Ionic bonding and ionic lattices	Covered
2.2	ionic radius and charge on bond strength	Ionic bonding and ionic lattices	Covered
2.3	forming ions by electron loss or gain	Ionic bonding and ionic lattices	Covered
2.4	dot-and-cross diagrams of ions	Ionic bonding and ionic lattices	Covered
2.5	ionic radii down a group and isoelectronic	Ionic bonding and ionic lattices	Covered
2.6	evidence for ions, including migration	Ionic bonding and ionic lattices	Covered
2.7	covalent bond as attraction to a shared pair	Covalent, dative covalent and metallic bonding	Covered
2.8	dot-and-cross: multiple and dative bonds	Covalent, dative covalent and metallic bonding	Covered
2.9	bond length and bond strength	Covalent, dative covalent and metallic bonding	Covered
2.10	electron pair repulsion decides shape	Shapes of molecules and ions	Covered
2.11	shapes with up to six electron pairs	Shapes of molecules and ions	Covered
2.12	predicting shapes of analogous species	Shapes of molecules and ions	Covered
2.13	electronegativity	Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces	Covered
2.14	ionic–covalent continuum and polarity	Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces, Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
2.15	polar bonds in non-polar molecules	Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces	Covered
2.16	London forces, permanent dipoles, hydrogen bonds	Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces	Covered
2.17	hydrogen bonding in H2O, NH3 and HF	Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces	Covered
2.18	anomalous properties of water	Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces, The four crystal structures and their properties	Covered
2.19	predicting hydrogen bonding	Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces	Covered
2.20	boiling points: alkanes, alcohols, hydrogen halides	Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces, Alkanes: fractional distillation, cracking and combustion	Covered
2.21	choosing a solvent	Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces, Enthalpies of solution and hydration	Covered
2.22	metallic bonding	Covalent, dative covalent and metallic bonding	Covered
2.23	giant ionic, covalent and metallic lattices	The four crystal structures and their properties	Covered
2.24	simple molecular iodine and ice	The four crystal structures and their properties	Covered
2.25	carbon: graphite, diamond, graphene	The four crystal structures and their properties	Covered
2.26	deducing structure from data	The four crystal structures and their properties	Covered
2.27	predicting physical properties	The four crystal structures and their properties, Ionic bonding and ionic lattices	Covered

3 Redox I

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
3.1	oxidation number	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
3.2	calculating oxidation numbers	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
3.3	redox by electrons and oxidation number	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
3.4	oxidation and reduction as electron loss and gain	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
3.5	oxidising agents gain electrons	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
3.6	reducing agents lose electrons	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
3.7	disproportionation	Half-equations and building redox equations	Covered
3.8	classifying redox and disproportionation	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them, Half-equations and building redox equations	Covered
3.9	Roman numerals	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
3.10	formulae from oxidation numbers	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them, Formulae, equations and state symbols	Covered
3.11	metals form positive ions	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
3.12	non-metals form negative ions	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
3.13	ionic half-equations to full equations	Half-equations and building redox equations	Covered

4 Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
4.1	ionisation energy down Group 2	Group 2: trends down the group and reactions with water	Covered
4.2	reactivity down Group 2	Group 2: trends down the group and reactions with water	Covered
4.3	Group 2 with oxygen, chlorine and water	Group 2: trends down the group and reactions with water, Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
4.4	Group 2 oxides and hydroxides with water and acid	Group 2: trends down the group and reactions with water, Group 2 compounds: solubility, uses and the sulfate test	Covered
4.5	solubility of Group 2 hydroxides and sulfates	Group 2 compounds: solubility, uses and the sulfate test	Covered
4.6	thermal stability of Group 1 and 2 nitrates and carbonates	Group 2 compounds: solubility, uses and the sulfate test, Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
4.7	flame colours by electron transitions	Group 2 compounds: solubility, uses and the sulfate test	Covered
4.8	procedures: decomposition and flame tests	Group 2 compounds: solubility, uses and the sulfate test	Covered
4.9	Group 7 physical trends	Group 7: trends down the group and displacement reactions	Covered
4.10	reactivity down Group 7	Group 7: trends down the group and displacement reactions	Covered
4.11	displacement with an organic solvent layer	Group 7: trends down the group and displacement reactions	Covered
4.12	halogen redox: metals, water, cold and hot alkali	Group 7: trends down the group and displacement reactions, Halide ions, the silver nitrate test, concentrated sulfuric acid, and chlorine in water, Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
4.13	halides with sulfuric acid; silver halides; hydrogen halides	Halide ions, the silver nitrate test, concentrated sulfuric acid, and chlorine in water	Covered
4.14	predicting fluorine and astatine	Group 7: trends down the group and displacement reactions	Covered
4.15	tests for carbonate, sulfate and ammonium	Halide ions, the silver nitrate test, concentrated sulfuric acid, and chlorine in water, Group 2 compounds: solubility, uses and the sulfate test	Covered

5 Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
5.1	the mole	The mole, the Avogadro constant and molar mass	Covered
5.2	Avogadro constant calculations	The mole, the Avogadro constant and molar mass	Covered
5.3	molar mass	The mole, the Avogadro constant and molar mass	Covered
5.4	empirical and molecular formula	Empirical and molecular formulae	Covered
5.5	formulae from data, including pV = nRT	Empirical and molecular formulae, Gases and the ideal gas equation	Covered
5.6	balanced full and ionic equations with state symbols	Formulae, equations and state symbols	Covered
5.7	amounts from mass, gas volume and solution	The mole, the Avogadro constant and molar mass, Gases and the ideal gas equation, Concentration, volumetric solutions and titration calculations	Covered
5.8	reacting masses	Reacting masses, percentage yield and atom economy	Covered
5.9	reacting gas volumes	Gases and the ideal gas equation	Covered
5.10	reacting volumes from molar volume	Gases and the ideal gas equation	Covered
5.11	solution concentrations and titrations	Concentration, volumetric solutions and titration calculations	Covered
5.12	measurement uncertainty and error	Measurement, uncertainty and significant figures in chemistry, Concentration, volumetric solutions and titration calculations	Covered
5.13	minimising percentage error	Measurement, uncertainty and significant figures in chemistry	Covered
5.14	percentage yield and atom economy	Reacting masses, percentage yield and atom economy	Covered
5.15	equations from test-tube observations	Formulae, equations and state symbols	Covered
5.16	risks, hazards and precautions	Apparatus, techniques and safety: the twelve required practicals in outline	Covered

6 Organic Chemistry I

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
6.1	hydrocarbon	Naming and representing organic molecules	Covered
6.2	types of organic formula	Naming and representing organic molecules	Covered
6.3	homologous series and functional group	Naming and representing organic molecules	Covered
6.4	IUPAC naming	Naming and representing organic molecules	Covered
6.5	classifying organic reactions	Reaction types, curly arrows and how a mechanism is written	Covered
6.6	structural isomerism	Structural isomerism and E/Z isomerism	Covered
6.7	E/Z and cis–trans isomerism	Structural isomerism and E/Z isomerism	Covered
6.8	general formula of alkanes	Alkanes: fractional distillation, cracking and combustion	Covered
6.9	alkanes and cycloalkanes saturated	Alkanes: fractional distillation, cracking and combustion, Naming and representing organic molecules	Covered
6.10	fuels from distillation, cracking and reforming	Alkanes: fractional distillation, cracking and combustion	Covered
6.11	pollutants from burning alkanes	Alkanes: fractional distillation, cracking and combustion	Covered
6.12	toxicity of CO; acidity of NOx and SOx	Alkanes: fractional distillation, cracking and combustion	Covered
6.13	catalytic converters	Alkanes: fractional distillation, cracking and combustion, Catalysis: heterogeneous, homogeneous and autocatalytic	Covered
6.14	alternative fuels against fossil fuels	Alcohols: hydration, fermentation and classification, Carboxylic acids, esters and biodiesel	Covered
6.15	radicals and homolytic fission	Free-radical substitution, Reaction types, curly arrows and how a mechanism is written	Covered
6.16	alkanes with oxygen and halogens	Alkanes: fractional distillation, cracking and combustion, Free-radical substitution	Covered
6.17	limits of radical substitution	Free-radical substitution	Covered
6.18	general formula of alkenes	Alkenes: structure, electrophilic addition and Markovnikov's rule	Covered
6.19	alkenes and cycloalkenes unsaturated	Alkenes: structure, electrophilic addition and Markovnikov's rule	Covered
6.20	σ and π bonds	Alkenes: structure, electrophilic addition and Markovnikov's rule	Covered
6.21	electrophile	Alkenes: structure, electrophilic addition and Markovnikov's rule, Reaction types, curly arrows and how a mechanism is written	Covered
6.22	addition reactions of alkenes	Alkenes: structure, electrophilic addition and Markovnikov's rule	Covered
6.23	heterolytic fission	Reaction types, curly arrows and how a mechanism is written	Covered
6.24	electrophilic addition mechanisms	Alkenes: structure, electrophilic addition and Markovnikov's rule	Covered
6.25	bromine test for C=C	Alkenes: structure, electrophilic addition and Markovnikov's rule, Test-tube reactions for functional groups, and high-resolution mass spectrometry	Covered
6.26	addition polymerisation	Addition polymers	Covered
6.27	separating waste polymers for reuse	Addition polymers	Covered
6.28	polymers and sustainable use of materials	Addition polymers	Covered
6.29	biodegradable polymers; incineration gases	Addition polymers	Covered
6.30	primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes	Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis	Covered
6.31	nucleophile	Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis, Reaction types, curly arrows and how a mechanism is written	Covered
6.32	reactions of halogenoalkanes	Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis, Elimination from halogenoalkanes, and CFCs and the ozone layer	Covered
6.33	comparing rates of hydrolysis	Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis	Covered
6.34	reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary	Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis, The Arrhenius equation and the rate-determining step	Covered
6.35	reactivity and carbon–halogen bond enthalpy	Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis	Covered
6.36	mechanisms with hydroxide and ammonia	Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis	Covered
6.37	classifying alcohols	Alcohols: hydration, fermentation and classification	Covered
6.38	reactions of alcohols	Alcohols: hydration, fermentation and classification, Oxidation and elimination of alcohols, Measuring an enthalpy change: calorimetry, Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis	Covered
6.39	preparing and purifying a liquid	Preparing, purifying and testing an organic solid and liquid, Oxidation and elimination of alcohols	Covered

7 Modern Analytical Techniques I

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
7.1	mass spectra: Mr and fragments	Test-tube reactions for functional groups, and high-resolution mass spectrometry	Covered
7.2	infrared absorptions of functional groups	Infrared spectroscopy	Covered

8 Energetics I

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
8.1	standard conditions	Enthalpy change, standard conditions and the definitions	Covered
8.2	enthalpy change at constant pressure	Enthalpy change, standard conditions and the definitions	Covered
8.3	enthalpy level diagrams	Enthalpy change, standard conditions and the definitions	Covered
8.4	defining standard enthalpy changes	Enthalpy change, standard conditions and the definitions	Covered
8.5	calorimetry experiments and their errors	Measuring an enthalpy change: calorimetry, Hess's law and enthalpy cycles	Covered
8.6	enthalpy change in kJ mol-1	Measuring an enthalpy change: calorimetry	Covered
8.7	constructing Hess cycles	Hess's law and enthalpy cycles	Covered
8.8	Hess calculations	Hess's law and enthalpy cycles	Covered
8.9	bond enthalpy and mean bond enthalpy	Mean bond enthalpies	Covered
8.10	ΔH from mean bond enthalpies and its limits	Mean bond enthalpies	Covered
8.11	mean bond enthalpy from ΔH	Mean bond enthalpies	Covered

9 Kinetics I

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
9.1	collision theory and the four factors	Collision theory, activation energy and the rate of reaction, The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, temperature and catalysts	Covered
9.2	activation energy	Collision theory, activation energy and the rate of reaction	Covered
9.3	rate from time or a tangent	Collision theory, activation energy and the rate of reaction, Measuring the rate of a reaction	Covered
9.4	temperature and the Maxwell–Boltzmann curve	The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, temperature and catalysts	Covered
9.5	catalysts: lower activation energy route	The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, temperature and catalysts	Covered
9.6	reaction profiles with and without catalyst	Collision theory, activation energy and the rate of reaction, The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, temperature and catalysts	Covered
9.7	catalysts and the Maxwell–Boltzmann curve	The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, temperature and catalysts	Covered
9.8	solid catalysts for gas reactions	The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, temperature and catalysts, Catalysis: heterogeneous, homogeneous and autocatalytic	Covered
9.9	economic benefits of catalysts	The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, temperature and catalysts	Covered

10 Equilibrium I

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
10.1	dynamic equilibrium	Dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle and industrial compromise	Covered
10.2	qualitative effects of changes	Dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle and industrial compromise	Covered
10.3	yield against rate in industry	Dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle and industrial compromise	Covered
10.4	Kc, homogeneous and heterogeneous	The equilibrium constant Kc	Covered

11 Equilibrium II (A-level only)

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
11.1	Kp in atm, homogeneous and heterogeneous	Kp: equilibria in the gas phase	Covered
11.2	calculating Kc and Kp with units	The equilibrium constant Kc, Kp: equilibria in the gas phase	Covered
11.3	temperature and the equilibrium constant	The equilibrium constant Kc, Kp: equilibria in the gas phase	Covered
11.4	temperature shifts position through K	The equilibrium constant Kc, Kp: equilibria in the gas phase	Covered
11.5	K unchanged by concentration, pressure, catalyst	The equilibrium constant Kc, Kp: equilibria in the gas phase	Covered

12 Acid-base Equilibria (A-level only)

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
12.1	Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases	Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH and strong acids	Covered
12.2	proton transfer	Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH and strong acids	Covered
12.3	conjugate acid–base pairs	Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH and strong acids	Covered
12.4	defining pH	Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH and strong acids	Covered
12.5	pH from [H+]	Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH and strong acids	Covered
12.6	[H+] from pH	Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH and strong acids	Covered
12.7	strong and weak acids by dissociation	Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH and strong acids	Covered
12.8	pH of a strong acid	Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH and strong acids	Covered
12.9	Ka expression and calculations	Weak acids, Ka and pKa; Kw and strong bases	Covered
12.10	pH of a weak acid	Weak acids, Ka and pKa; Kw and strong bases	Covered
12.11	Kw	Weak acids, Ka and pKa; Kw and strong bases	Covered
12.12	pH of a strong base	Weak acids, Ka and pKa; Kw and strong bases	Covered
12.13	pKa and pKw	Weak acids, Ka and pKa; Kw and strong bases	Covered
12.14	pH data: salts and dilution	Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, pH and strong acids, Titration curves and choosing an indicator, Metal-aqua ions and the acidity of their solutions	Covered
12.15	Ka from the pH of a known solution	Weak acids, Ka and pKa; Kw and strong bases	Covered
12.16	titration curves	Titration curves and choosing an indicator	Covered
12.17	choosing an indicator	Titration curves and choosing an indicator	Covered
12.18	buffer solution	Buffer solutions and buffer calculations	Covered
12.19	buffer action	Buffer solutions and buffer calculations	Covered
12.20	buffer pH	Buffer solutions and buffer calculations	Covered
12.21	concentrations for a buffer of given pH	Buffer solutions and buffer calculations	Covered
12.22	buffer region and Ka at half-neutralisation	Titration curves and choosing an indicator	Covered
12.23	neutralisation enthalpies, strong and weak	Measuring an enthalpy change: calorimetry	Covered
12.24	blood pH: carbonic acid and hydrogencarbonate	Buffer solutions and buffer calculations	Covered

13 Energetics II (A-level only)

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
13.1	lattice energy	Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
13.2	atomisation and electron affinity	Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
13.3	Born–Haber cycles	Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
13.4	lattice energy as ionic bond strength	Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
13.5	experimental against theoretical lattice energy	Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
13.6	polarisation of ions	Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
13.7	polarising power of cations	Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
13.8	polarisability of anions	Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
13.9	enthalpies of solution and hydration	Enthalpies of solution and hydration	Covered
13.10	solution and hydration cycles	Enthalpies of solution and hydration	Covered
13.11	charge and radius effects	Enthalpies of solution and hydration, Lattice enthalpy and Born–Haber cycles	Covered
13.12	enthalpy alone does not decide	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change	Covered
13.13	entropy and the direction of change	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change	Covered
13.14	entropy in changes of state, dissolving, gas moles	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change, Enthalpies of solution and hydration	Covered
13.15	total entropy: system plus surroundings	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change	Covered
13.16	ΔSsystem from standard entropies	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change	Covered
13.17	ΔSsurroundings = −ΔH/T and ΔStotal	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change	Covered
13.18	ΔG = ΔH − TΔS	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change	Covered
13.19	feasibility and the feasible temperature	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change	Covered
13.20	ΔG = −RT ln K	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change	Covered
13.21	negative ΔG yet no reaction	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change	Covered
13.22	kinetic inhibition of feasible reactions	Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change, The electrochemical series and predicting feasibility	Covered

14 Redox II (A-level only)

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
14.1	redox by electron transfer across blocks	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them, Half-equations and building redox equations	Covered
14.2	redox by oxidation number across blocks	Oxidation states and the rules for assigning them	Covered
14.3	standard electrode potential	Electrode potentials and the standard hydrogen electrode	Covered
14.4	standard conditions for E°	Electrode potentials and the standard hydrogen electrode	Covered
14.5	standard hydrogen electrode	Electrode potentials and the standard hydrogen electrode	Covered
14.6	measuring E° for metals and ions	Electrode potentials and the standard hydrogen electrode	Covered
14.7	E°cell from two electrode potentials	Electrode potentials and the standard hydrogen electrode	Covered
14.8	cell diagrams	Electrode potentials and the standard hydrogen electrode	Covered
14.9	conditions when measuring E	Electrode potentials and the standard hydrogen electrode, The electrochemical series and predicting feasibility	Covered
14.10	feasibility from E° values	The electrochemical series and predicting feasibility	Covered
14.11	E°cell, total entropy and ln K	The electrochemical series and predicting feasibility, Entropy and Gibbs free-energy change	Covered
14.12	limits of E° predictions	The electrochemical series and predicting feasibility	Covered
14.13	electrochemical series	The electrochemical series and predicting feasibility	Covered
14.14	disproportionation and E° values	The electrochemical series and predicting feasibility	Covered
14.15	storage cells	Commercial cells, rechargeable cells and fuel cells	Covered
14.16	fuel cells and fuels	Commercial cells, rechargeable cells and fuel cells	Covered
14.17	hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell electrodes	Commercial cells, rechargeable cells and fuel cells	Covered
14.18	redox titration calculations	Redox titrations: manganate(VII) and thiosulfate	Covered
14.19	redox titration methods	Redox titrations: manganate(VII) and thiosulfate	Covered

15 Transition Metals (A-level only)

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
15.1	configurations Sc to Zn	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation, Electron configuration: shells, subshells and orbitals	Covered
15.2	transition metal definition	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation	Covered
15.3	why oxidation numbers vary	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation, Variable oxidation states: vanadium, chromium and manganate(VII) titrations	Covered
15.4	ligand	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation	Covered
15.5	dative bonding in complexes	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation	Covered
15.6	complex ion	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation	Covered
15.7	coloured ions	Colour in transition metal complexes and colorimetry	Covered
15.8	d-orbital splitting and colour	Colour in transition metal complexes and colorimetry	Covered
15.9	colourless ions	Colour in transition metal complexes and colorimetry	Covered
15.10	colour change: oxidation number, ligand, coordination	Colour in transition metal complexes and colorimetry	Covered
15.11	coordination number	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation	Covered
15.12	monodentate H2O, OH− and NH3	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation, Ligands, the shapes of complexes, isomerism and ligand substitution	Covered
15.13	octahedral six-fold complexes	Ligands, the shapes of complexes, isomerism and ligand substitution	Covered
15.14	tetrahedral complexes with Cl−	Ligands, the shapes of complexes, isomerism and ligand substitution	Covered
15.15	square planar complexes; cisplatin	Ligands, the shapes of complexes, isomerism and ligand substitution	Covered
15.16	cisplatin as a single isomer	Ligands, the shapes of complexes, isomerism and ligand substitution, Amino acids, proteins, enzymes and DNA	Covered
15.17	bidentate and multidentate ligands	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation	Covered
15.18	haemoglobin as an iron(II) complex	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation	Covered
15.19	CO replacing O2 in haemoglobin	Transition metal characteristics and complex formation	Covered
15.20	vanadium oxidation state colours	Variable oxidation states: vanadium, chromium and manganate(VII) titrations	Covered
15.21	vanadium interconversions by E°	Variable oxidation states: vanadium, chromium and manganate(VII) titrations	Covered
15.22	dichromate: zinc reduction; Cr3+ oxidation	Variable oxidation states: vanadium, chromium and manganate(VII) titrations	Covered
15.23	chromate–dichromate equilibrium	Variable oxidation states: vanadium, chromium and manganate(VII) titrations	Covered
15.24	Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Cu2+ with NaOH and NH3	Reactions of aqua ions with hydroxide, ammonia and carbonate, Variable oxidation states: vanadium, chromium and manganate(VII) titrations, Ligands, the shapes of complexes, isomerism and ligand substitution	Covered
15.25	ligand exchange against amphoteric behaviour	Reactions of aqua ions with hydroxide, ammonia and carbonate	Covered
15.26	ligand exchange with colour: Cu and Co	Ligands, the shapes of complexes, isomerism and ligand substitution, Reactions of aqua ions with hydroxide, ammonia and carbonate	Covered
15.27	change of coordination number	Ligands, the shapes of complexes, isomerism and ligand substitution	Covered
15.28	chelate effect by entropy	Ligands, the shapes of complexes, isomerism and ligand substitution	Covered
15.29	heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts	Catalysis: heterogeneous, homogeneous and autocatalytic	Covered
15.30	heterogeneous catalysis at a surface	Catalysis: heterogeneous, homogeneous and autocatalytic	Covered
15.31	V2O5 in the Contact process	Catalysis: heterogeneous, homogeneous and autocatalytic	Covered
15.32	catalytic converters: adsorption to desorption	Catalysis: heterogeneous, homogeneous and autocatalytic	Covered
15.33	homogeneous catalysis by an intermediate	Catalysis: heterogeneous, homogeneous and autocatalytic	Covered
15.34	Fe2+ in the iodide–peroxodisulfate reaction	Catalysis: heterogeneous, homogeneous and autocatalytic	Covered
15.35	Mn2+ autocatalysis	Catalysis: heterogeneous, homogeneous and autocatalytic	Covered

16 Kinetics II (A-level only)

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
16.1	kinetics terms	Rate equations, orders of reaction and the rate constant, The Arrhenius equation and the rate-determining step, The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, temperature and catalysts	Covered
16.2	rate equations, orders 0 to 2	Rate equations, orders of reaction and the rate constant	Covered
16.3	choosing a rate technique	Measuring the rate of a reaction, Finding orders from initial rates, half-lives and graphs	Covered
16.4	initial-rate and continuous-monitoring methods	Finding orders from initial rates, half-lives and graphs	Covered
16.5	rate and first-order half-life from graphs	Finding orders from initial rates, half-lives and graphs	Covered
16.6	order from concentration–time and rate–concentration graphs	Rate equations, orders of reaction and the rate constant, Finding orders from initial rates, half-lives and graphs	Covered
16.7	order from initial rates	Finding orders from initial rates, half-lives and graphs	Covered
16.8	iodination of propanone	Finding orders from initial rates, half-lives and graphs, The Arrhenius equation and the rate-determining step	Covered
16.9	rate-determining step and rate equation	The Arrhenius equation and the rate-determining step	Covered
16.10	mechanism from rate equation and stoichiometry	The Arrhenius equation and the rate-determining step	Covered
16.11	SN1 and SN2 from rate equations	The Arrhenius equation and the rate-determining step, Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis	Covered
16.12	activation energy graphically	The Arrhenius equation and the rate-determining step	Covered

17 Organic Chemistry II (A-level only)

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
17.1	optical isomerism with one chiral centre	Optical isomerism	Covered
17.2	chiral centres and enantiomers	Optical isomerism	Covered
17.3	optical activity	Optical isomerism	Covered
17.4	racemic mixture	Optical isomerism	Covered
17.5	optical activity as evidence for SN1 and SN2	Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis, Optical isomerism	Covered
17.6	aldehyde and ketone groups	Aldehydes and ketones: nucleophilic addition and the tests that tell them apart	Covered
17.7	carbonyl hydrogen bonding and solubility	Aldehydes and ketones: nucleophilic addition and the tests that tell them apart	Covered
17.8	reactions of carbonyl compounds	Aldehydes and ketones: nucleophilic addition and the tests that tell them apart, Test-tube reactions for functional groups, and high-resolution mass spectrometry	Covered
17.9	carboxylic acid group	Carboxylic acids, esters and biodiesel	Covered
17.10	hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids	Carboxylic acids, esters and biodiesel	Covered
17.11	preparing carboxylic acids	Oxidation and elimination of alcohols, Carboxylic acids, esters and biodiesel, Halogenoalkanes: nucleophilic substitution and rates of hydrolysis, Planning a synthetic route	Covered
17.12	reactions of carboxylic acids	Carboxylic acids, esters and biodiesel, Aldehydes and ketones: nucleophilic addition and the tests that tell them apart, Acylation: acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides	Covered
17.13	acyl chloride and ester groups	Acylation: acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides, Carboxylic acids, esters and biodiesel	Covered
17.14	acyl chlorides with water, alcohols, ammonia, amines	Acylation: acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides	Covered
17.15	ester hydrolysis, acid and alkaline	Carboxylic acids, esters and biodiesel	Covered
17.16	polyesters	Condensation polymers and the disposal of polymers	Covered

18 Organic Chemistry III (A-level only)

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
18.1	Kekulé and delocalised benzene	Benzene: its structure and the evidence for delocalisation	Covered
18.2	evidence for delocalisation	Benzene: its structure and the evidence for delocalisation	Covered
18.3	benzene resists bromination	Benzene: its structure and the evidence for delocalisation	Covered
18.4	reactions of benzene	Benzene: its structure and the evidence for delocalisation, Electrophilic substitution: nitration and Friedel–Crafts acylation	Covered
18.5	electrophilic substitution mechanisms	Electrophilic substitution: nitration and Friedel–Crafts acylation	Covered
18.6	phenol with bromine water	Electrophilic substitution: nitration and Friedel–Crafts acylation	Covered
18.7	why phenol brominates more easily	Electrophilic substitution: nitration and Friedel–Crafts acylation, Benzene: its structure and the evidence for delocalisation	Covered
18.8	amine, amide and amino acid groups	Amines: preparation, basicity and nucleophilic reactions, Acylation: acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides, Amino acids, proteins, enzymes and DNA	Covered
18.9	reactions of butylamine	Amines: preparation, basicity and nucleophilic reactions, Acylation: acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides	Covered
18.10	basicity of ammonia and amines	Amines: preparation, basicity and nucleophilic reactions	Covered
18.11	preparing primary aliphatic amines	Amines: preparation, basicity and nucleophilic reactions	Covered
18.12	reducing nitro compounds with tin and acid	Amines: preparation, basicity and nucleophilic reactions	Covered
18.13	amides from acyl chlorides	Acylation: acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides	Covered
18.14	polyamide formation	Condensation polymers and the disposal of polymers	Covered
18.15	repeat units of condensation polymers	Condensation polymers and the disposal of polymers, Amino acids, proteins, enzymes and DNA	Covered
18.16	properties of 2-amino acids	Amino acids, proteins, enzymes and DNA	Covered
18.17	peptide bond: formation and hydrolysis	Amino acids, proteins, enzymes and DNA	Covered
18.18	structure from combined data	Putting the analysis together: structure from spectra, Empirical and molecular formulae	Covered
18.19	planning schemes of up to four steps	Planning a synthetic route	Covered
18.20	Grignard reagents	Planning a synthetic route	Covered
18.21	choosing procedures and controlling risk	Planning a synthetic route, Apparatus, techniques and safety: the twelve required practicals in outline, Preparing, purifying and testing an organic solid and liquid	Covered
18.22	preparing and purifying organic compounds	Preparing, purifying and testing an organic solid and liquid, Amines: preparation, basicity and nucleophilic reactions	Covered

19 Modern Analytical Techniques II (A-level only)

Ref	Specification heading	Taught in	Coverage
19.1	accurate relative molecular masses	Test-tube reactions for functional groups, and high-resolution mass spectrometry	Covered
19.2	carbon-13 NMR information	Proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy	Covered
19.3	carbon-13 environments and peaks	Proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy	Covered
19.4	proton NMR information	Proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy	Covered
19.5	proton NMR: shift, integration, splitting	Proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, Putting the analysis together: structure from spectra	Covered
19.6	mobile and stationary phases	Chromatography: TLC, column and gas	Covered
19.7	Rf values	Chromatography: TLC, column and gas	Covered
19.8	HPLC and GC, with mass spectrometry	Chromatography: TLC, column and gas	Covered

What each paper is, how long it runs and where Pearson Edexcel publishes it: 9CH0 past papers.

Found a mismatch between this map and a lesson? Report it from the relevant lesson page.